名词可以分为专有名词和普通名词，专有名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类：
　 1）个体名词：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：gun。
　 2）集体名词：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：family。
　 3）物质名词：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：air。
　 4）抽象名词：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：work。
个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词，物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词。归纳一下，名词的分类可以下图表示：
名词 专有名词 不可数名词
普通名词 物质名词
抽象名词
集体名词
可数名词
个体名词

1.1 名词复数的规则变化
情况 构成方法 读音 例词
一般情况 加 -s 清辅音后读/s/ map-maps
浊辅音和元音后读 /z/ bag-bags /car-cars
以s, sh, ch, x等结尾 加 -es 读 /iz/ bus-buses/ watch-watches
以ce, se, ze,等结尾 加 -s 读 /iz/ license-licenses
以辅音字母+y结尾 变y 为i再加es 读 /z/ baby---babies

1.2 其它名词复数的规则变化
1） 以y结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s变复数。例如：　
　 　two Marys　　　　 the Henrys
　　　　 monkey---monkeys　 holiday---holidays　　
2） 以o 结尾的名词，变复数时：
　　 a. 加s，如： photo---photos　　 piano---pianos
　　　　　　　　 radio---radios　　 zoo---zoos；
　　 b. 加es，如：potato--potatoes　 tomato--tomatoes
　　 c. 上述a和b两种方法均可，如zero---zeros / zeroes。　
3） 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时：
　　 a. 加s，如： belief---beliefs　 roof---roofs
　　　　　　　　 safe---safes　 gulf---gulfs；
　　 b. 去f,fe 加ves，如：half---halves　　
　　　 knife---knives　leaf---leaves　 wolf---wolves
　　　 wife---wives　 life---lives　 thief---thieves；
c. 上述a和b两种方法均可，如handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves。

1.3 名词复数的不规则变化
1） child---children　 foot---feet　 tooth---teeth
mouse---mice　　　 man---men　 woman---women　
注意：由一个词加 man 或 woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是 -men 和-women，如an Englishman，two Englishmen。但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans；Bowman是姓，其复数是the Bowmans。
2） 单复同形，如deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese ，li，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin等。但除人民币的元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如：a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters。
3）集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。例如：
people　police　cattle 等本身就是复数，不能说 a people，a police，a cattle，但可以说a person，a policeman，a head of cattle, the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名词，表示国民总称时，作复数用，如The Chinese are industries and brave.　中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。
4） 以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如：
a. maths，politics，physics等学科名词，一般是不可数名词，为单数。
b. news 为不可数名词。
c. the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数。
　　　The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。
d. 以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。例如：
"The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book. 《一千零一夜》是一本非常有趣的故事书。
5） 表示由两部分构成的东西，如：glasses （眼镜）　trousers,　clothes等，若表达具体数目，要借助数量词 pair（对，双）;　suit（套）; a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers等。
6） 另外还有一些名词，其复数形式有时可表示特别意思，如：goods货物，waters水域，fishes（各种）鱼。　

1.4 不可数名词量的表示
1）物质名词
a. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时为可数。
比较：Cake is a kind of food.　蛋糕是一种食物。 （不可数）
These cakes are sweet.　这些蛋糕很好吃。 （可数）
b. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时，可数。例如：
This factory produces steel.　（不可数）
We need various steels.　（可数）
c. 当物质名词表示份数时，可数。例如：
Our country is famous for tea. 我国因茶叶而闻名。
Two teas, please. 请来两杯茶。
2） 抽象名词表示具体的事例时也可数。例如：
four freedoms 四大自由 the four modernizations四个现代化
物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量，如a glass of water 一杯水/ a piece of advice　一则建议。
　
5. 定语名词的复数
名词作定语一般用单数，但也有以下例外。
1) 1) 用复数作定语。例如：
sports meeting 运动会 students reading-room 学生阅览室
　　 talks table 谈判桌 the foreign languages department 外语系
2） man, woman, gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。例如：
　　 men workers　　women teachers　　gentlemen officials
3） 有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时，s保留。例如：
　　 goods train （货车） arms produce　武器生产
　　　　 customs papers 海关文件 clothes brush 衣刷
　4） 数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。例如：
two-dozen eggs　两打鸡蛋　 a ten-mile walk 十英里路
two-hundred trees 两百棵树 a five-year plan.　一个五年计划

1.6 不同国籍人的单复数
国籍 总称（谓语用复数） 单数 复数
中国人 the Chinese a Chinese　 two Chinese
瑞士人 the Swiss a Swiss two Swiss
澳大利亚人 the Australians　 an Australian two Australians
俄国人 the Russians a Russian two Russians
意大利人 the Italians an Italian two Italians
希腊人 the Greek a Greek two Greeks
法国人 the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen
日本人 the Japanese a Japanese two Japanese
美国人 the Americans an American two Americans
印度人 the Indians an Indian two Indians
加拿大人 the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians
德国人 the Germans a Germans two Germans
英国人 the English an Englishman two Englishmen
瑞典人 the Swedish a Swede two Swedes
　　 　　　 　　　　 　　　
1.7 名词的格
　　英语中有些名词可以加"'s"来表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格，如：a teacher's book。名词所有格的规则如下：
1） 单数名词词尾加"'s"，复数名词词尾没有s，也要加"'s"，如the boy's bag 男孩的书包，men's room 男厕所。
2） 若名词已有复数词尾-s ，只加" ' "，如：the workers' struggle　工人的斗争。
3） 凡不能加"'s"的名词，都可以用"名词+of +名词"的结构来表示所有关系，如：the title of the song 歌的名字。
4） 在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词，如：the barber's 理发店。
5） 如果两个名词并列，并且分别有's，则表示"分别有"；只有一个's，则表示'共有'。例如：
John's and Mary's rooms（两间）　　John and Mary's room（一间）
6） 复合名词或短语，'s 加在后一个词的词尾。例如：a month or two's absence

1.8 练习
1. 1.He was eager to make some extra money, since during these years he could hardly live on his_______.
a． a． little wage b. few wage c. wage d. wages
2. 2.Most of the houses in the village were burnt to ______ during the war.
a. a. an ash b. the ash c. ash d. ashes
3. 3.The students at colleges or universities are making ______ for the coming New Year.
a. a. many preparations b. much preparation c. preparations d. preparation
4. 4.Painting in _____ is one of their spare-time activities.
a. a. oil b. an oil c. oils d. the oil
5. 5.In the view of the foreign experts, there wasn't ____ oil here.
a. a. much b. lots of b. a great deal of d. many
6.The large houses are being painted, but ______.
a. of great expense b. at a great expense c. in a lot of expenses d. by high expense
7. 7.The room was small and contained far too ______.
a. a.much new furniture b. much new furnitures c.many new furniture d. many new furnitures
8. 8.Jim was late for two classes this morning. He said that he forgot both of the ______.
a. rooms number b. room number c. room's numbers d. room numbers
9.Computers can do ______ work in a short time, but a man can not do ______ by himself.
a great many…many b. much…a great deal c. a great deal of…much d. many…a great many
10. 10.She didn't know _____ he had been given.
a. a. how many information b. how many informations c. the number of information d. how much information
11. 11.He invited all of his ______ to join his wedding party.
a. comrade-in-arms b. comrades-in-arm c. comrades-in-arms d. comrade-in-arm
12. 12.All the ______ in the hospital got a rise last month.
a. women doctors b. woman doctors c. women doctor d. woman doctor
13. 13.After ten years, all these youngsters became_____.
a. growns-ups b. growns-up c. grown-up d. grown-ups
14. 14.The police investigated those _____ about the accident.
a. stander-by b. standers-by c. stander-bys d. standers-bys
15. 15.The Nazi kept those ______ in their concentration camp.
a. prisoner-of-wars b. prisoners-of-war c. prisoners-of-wars d. prisoner-of-war
16. 16.The manager was greatly appreciate that _____ made by Linda lately.
a. new reel b. news reel c. new-reels d. news reels
17. 17.Mary's dress is similar in appearance to her ______.
a. elder sister b. elder sister's c. elder sisters d. elder sisters dress
18. 18.All the people at the conference are ______.
a. mathematic teachers b. mathematics teacher c.mathematics teachers d. mathematic's teachers
19.Professor Mackay told us that ______ of lead are its softness and its resistance.
a. a. some property b. properties c. some properties d. property
20. 20.Physics _____ with matter and motion.
a. a. deal b. deals c. dealing d. are
21. 21.He has written several books, but his last works _____ well known among his friends.
a. a. have b. have been c. is d. are
22. 22.After he checked up my ______ heart, the doctor advised him to rest for a few days.
a. a. father-in-law's c. father's-in-law b. b. father-in-law d. father's-in-law's
23. 23.He told me _____ would come to his birthday party.
a. a. many Jack friends c. many Jack's friend
b. b. Jack's many friends d. many friends of Jack's
24. 24.I had my hair cut at the _____ around the corner.
a. a.barber b. barbers c. barber's d. barbers'
25. 25.Yesterday evening we had a lovely evening at ______.
a. a. Peter and Helen's c. Peter and Helen
b. b. Peter and Helens d. Peter's and Helen's
26. 26.______ receives only a small portion of the total amount of the sun's energy.
a. a. The earth's surface c. The surface of earth
b. b. The surface earth d. The earth surface
27. 27.Numerous materials are available to ______.
a. a. today of designers c. today's of designers
b. b. today's designers d. today designers
28. 28.Why did you speak to Peter that way? Don't you know he is an old friend of ______?
a. a. my brother b. my brothers c. my brother's d. my brother's friend
29. 29.______ is a well-informed man. He can tell you anything you want to know.
a. a. This John's old friend c. That's Jahn's old friend
b. b. This old friend of John d. This old friend of John's
30. 30.______ is too much for a little boy to carry.
a. a.A bike's weight c. The weight of a bike
b. b.The weights of a bike d. Bile's weight
31. 31.Generally there are ______ television programs for children on Saturday.
a. a. little b. much c. a large number of d. a large amount of
32. 32.When they got to the lecture-room, there were ______ left.
a. a. only few seats b. a very few seats c. only a few seats d. so a few seats
33. 33.______ travels faster when the zip code is indicated on the envelope.
a. a. A little mail b. A piece of mail c. A mail d. A small mail
34. 34.The Department purchased ______ to improve the working conditions there.
a. a. a new equipment c. new equipments
b. b. a new piece of equipment d. new pieces of equipments
35. 35.The boy tried hard but there has been ______ in his work.
a. a. little improvement c. many improvements
b. b. a little improvement d. few improvements
36. 36.Today's modern TV cameras require ______ light as compared with the earlier models.
a. a. only a few b. only few c. only a little d. only little
37. 37.No country can afford to neglect ______.
a. a. an education b. educations c. education d. the education
38. 38.Please write the answers to the questions at the end of ______.
a. a. eighth chapter b. chapter eight c. eight chapter d. chapter the eight
39. 39.______ is only surpassed by that of monkeys' and apes'.
a. a. The intelligent dog c. The intelligence of dogs
b. b. The dogs whose intelligence d. The dogs being intelligent
40. 40.All ______ must take the graduate Management Admission Test.
a. a. business student b. business's students c. business students d. business's student
41. 41.______ anywhere in the United States costs less than a dollar when you dial it yourself.
a. a. Three minutes call c. A three-minutes call
b. b. Three-minute call d. A three-minute call
42. 42.The ______ about nuclear energy revolves around the waste problem.
a. a. public's chief concern c. chief public concern
b. b. public chief concern d. chief concern of public's
43. 43.______ the first and largest ethnic group to work on the construction of the transcontinental railroad.
a. Chinese were b. The Chinese was c. Chinese was d. The Chinese were
44. 44.______ can get a better view of the game than the participants.
a. a. Looker-on b. Lookers-on c. Looker-ons c. Lookers-ons
45. 45.A group of spectators was dispersed by the police who ______ at the scene of the accidents within minutes.
a. a. were b. have been c. was d. has been
46. 46.Our livestock ______ not as numerous as they used to be.
a. a. is b. are c. be d. been
47. 47.One of the most surprising things is that ______ may come from petroleum.
a. a. much of tomorrow food c. many of tomorrow's food
b. b. much of the food of tomorrow d. much of tomorrow's food
48. 48.Scott is an orphan but he received ______.
a. a. very good education c. a very good education
b. b. very good educations d. many good educations
49. 49.After several day's hardworking, we have made ______ on the design.
a. a. much improvement c. many improvement
b. b. several improvements d. some improvement
50. 50.The boy was very happy that his mother bought him a new pair of shoes at a ______ yesterday.
a. a. shoes shop b. shoe shop c. shoes's shop d. shoe's
51. 51.Eggs, though nourishing, have ______ of fat content.
a. a. large number b. a large number c. a high amount d. the high amount
52. 52.He has done some ______ on that subject from various angles over the past ten years.
a. a. research b. a research c. researches d. the researches
53. 53.Recently, he has lost all his ______.
a. a. wage and saving at card c. wages and saving at card
b. b. wages and savings at card d. wages and savings at cards
54. 54.The country's wealth comes chiefly from its many ______.
a. a. herd of cattle b. heard of cattles c. herds of cattle d. herds of cattles
55. 55.In Britain the ______ are all painted red.
a. a. letter boxes b. letters box c. letters boxes d. letters's box
56. 56.Ten years had passed. I found she had ______.
a. a. a little white hair c. a few white hair
b. b. some white hair d. much white hair
57. 57.All his ______ far from satisfaction
a. a. conduct is b. conduct are c. conducts is d. conducts will be
58. 58.Although the town had been attacked by the storm several times, ______ was done.
a. a. a few damages b. few damages c. little damage d. a little damage
59. 59.He was ______ what to do.
a. a. at his wit end b. at his wits end c. at his wit's end d. at his wits's end
60. 60.Would you like to have a cup of tea and ______ with me?
a two toasts b. two pieces of toast c. two piece of toasts d. tow pieces of toasts
61. 61.Accurate ______ covering the fact are not obtainable.
a. a. datum b. datums c. data d. datas
62. 62.On Monday morning some teachers exchanged a few ______.
a. a. how-are-yous c. how-are-you's
b. b. of how-are-you's d. of how are you
63. 63.Albert said he met the girl ______
a. a. at his uncle's Smith room c. at his uncle Smith's room
b. b. at Smith's his uncle's room d. at the room of his uncle's Smith's
64. 64.It is four months since I last saw Keats ______.
a. a. at Mrt Smith's ,the book seller c. at my aunt's, a book seller
b. b. at my aunt's, Mrs Palmer's d. at Mrs Palmer's, the book seller's
65. 65.This room is ______.
a. a. the editor's-in-chief's office c. the editor-in-chief's office
b. b. the editor-in-chief office d. the editor's-in-chief office
66. 66.My old classmate, Comrade Sun ,works at ______.
a. a. a teacher college c. a teacher's college
b. b. a teachers's college d. a college of a teacher's
67. 67.The policemen put the criminal ______.
a. a. in a iron b. into a iron c. in irons d. into a pair of iron
68. 68.Our teacher gave me ______.
a. a. an advice b. the advice c. many advice d. much advice
69. 69.My mother cut the cloth with ______ scissors.
a. a. a b. two c. a couple of d. a pair of
70.My house is within ______ from the railway station.
a. a stone's throw b. a throw of a stone c. stone's throw d. the stone's throw
名词练习答案
1 D 15 B 29 D 43 D 57 A
2 D 16 B 30 B 44 B 58 C
3 C 17 B 31 C 45 A 59 D
4 C 18 C 32 C 46 B 60 B
5 A 19 C 33 B 47 D 61 C
6 C 20 B 34 C 48 B 62 B
7 A 21 C 35 A 49 C 63 B
8 D 22 A 36 C 50 B 64 D
9 C 23 D 37 C 51 C 65 B
10 D 24 C 38 B 52 A 66 C
11 C 25 A 39 B 53 D 67 C
12 A 26 A 40 C 54 C 68 D
13 D 27 C 41 D 55 A 69 D
14 B 28 C 42 A 56 D 70 A

　　　　　　　　　　　　　名词(II)
一、 名词的种类
名词是所有事物的名称，包括人、物及抽象概念。名词分为普通名词和专有名词两大类。
1 普通名词
普通名词是某类人、事件、物体和抽象概念的名称。根据其所指代物体的特征，普通名词又可分为以下四类：
A． 个体名词 表示人或物体中可以数清的单个体。如：student（学生）、pen（钢笔）、bird（鸟）等。
B． 集体名词 （即集合名词）表示由个体组成的集合体。如people（人民）、police（警察）、family（家庭）等。
C． 物质名词 表示构成物体物质的不可数名词，或表示无法分为个体的物质的名词。如water（水）、air（空气）、wood（木头）等。
D． 抽象名词 表示动作、状态、品质、情感等非具体化的抽象概念。如work（工作）、peace（和平）、love（爱）等。
2 专有名词
专有名词是某些人、事物、机构、组织等特有的名称。主要包括：人名、地名、国名、党派名称等。如：Churchill（丘吉尔）、Tokyo（东京）、China（中国）、the Communist Party of China（中国***）等。
二、名词的性
名词按其所表达的物体的自然性别可以分为四类。
1 阴性名词
表示女性或雌性动物的名词。如woman（女人）、hostess（女主人）、cow（母牛）等。
2 阳性名词
表示男性或雄性动物的名词。如man（男人）、host（男主人）、bull（公牛）等。
3 中性名词
表示物体和抽象概念的名词。如radio（收音机）、love（爱）、tree（树）、friend（朋友）等。
4 通性名词
多数英语名词不分性，这类名词特指人类、适用于男性和女性组成的小群体或男性、女性个体。如parents（父母）、couple（夫妇）、children（孩子们）、child（孩子）、person（一个人）等。
三、名词的数
名词分可数名词和不可数名词
1 可数名词
个体名词都是可数名词。每个可数名词都有其单数和复数形式。
A. 单数 表示"一个"的概念。用名词的单数时，名词前需加 a 或 an。如 a book（一本书）、a river（一条河）、an apple（一个苹果）、an orange（一个橘子）等。
B. 复数 表示两个或两个以上的物体。如two pens（两枝钢笔）、three days（三天）、three cities（三个城市）等。
复数形式的构成有两种：规则名词复数形式的构成和不规则名词复数形式的构成。具体见下表。
规则名词复数形式的构成
词形特点 变为复数形式的构成方法 例 词
大多数名词 在词尾加-s。（在清辅音后读[s]，在浊辅音及元音后读[z]。） cat--catsbag--bagsday--days
以 s、x、ch、sh 结尾的名词 在词尾加 -es, 读作[iz]。 class--classesmatch--matches
以辅音字母 + y 结尾的名词 把 y 变成 i , 加 -es, 读作[iz] city--cities
但专有名词例外，直接在 y后加-s, 读作[z] Germany--Germanys
以辅音字母 + o 结尾的名词 一般直接加 -es , 读作[z]; 某些外来词例外，加 -s （如 zero, kilo, tobacco 等） tomato--tomatoesphoto--photospiano--pianos
以元音字母 + o 结尾的名词 直接加 -s, 但读作[z] zoo--zoosradio--radios
以 f 或 fe 结尾的名词 有的直接加 -s, 读作[z] roof--roofs
大多数要将 f 或 fe 变为 v, 再加-es,读作[z] leaf--leaveswife--wives
有些词两种形式者可以 handkerchief--handkerchiefs--handkerchieves
不规则名词复数形式的构成
复数形式的构成特点 例 词
通过改变词内元音字母 man--men foot--feettooth--teeth mouse--mice（老鼠）
通过在词尾加-en ox--oxen（牛） child--children
单复数形式相同 a sheep--two sheepa deer--two deer（鹿）a Chinese--two Chinese（中国人）
外来词保持其原有的复数形式 crisis--crises（危机） basis--bases（基础）phenomenon--phenomena（现象）
复合名词复数形式的构成
词的构成特点 变复数的方法 例 词
由若干部分组成并含有一种中心词（指人的词） 将中心词变为复数形式 son-in-law （女婿）--sons-in-lawgrandchild（孙子）--grandchildrenlooker-on （旁观者）--lookers-on
组成部分均为表示人的主体词 各组成部分都要变为复数形式 woman doctor（女医生）--women doctorman servant（男仆）--men servants
组成部分没有中心词 后一个组成词上加 -s grown-up （成年人）--grown-upsgo-between（中间人）--go-betweens
只有复数形式的名词
词形特点 例 词
由相同两部分组成的物体的名称 scissors（剪刀） trousers（裤子） glasses（眼镜）
以-ing 结尾的名词化的动名词 savings（积蓄） earnings（工资）belongings（所有物） surroundings（周围环境）
已约定俗成的名词形式 arms（武器） stairs（楼梯） thanks（感谢）
只有单数形式的名词 如：advice（意见），labour（劳动），information（信息、消息），furniture（家具），traffic（交通）。
2 不可数名词
表示无法分清个体的名词。不过，有些词在汉语中可数，在英语中却不可数。例如：news（新闻）、furniture（家具）、bread（面包）等。此类不可数名词要表示"一"这个概念时，需用其它方式表达，如 a piece of news，a piece of furniture，a loaf of bread 等。
一般来说，物质名词和抽象名词是不可数的，通常没有复数形式，但有时为了表示"不同类"或"大量"时，可以用复数形式，例如：China is rich in waters. 中国有丰富的水资源。
四、名词的格
名词的格是表示名词与句中其他词之间关系的名词形式。
名词的格主要有三种：主格、宾格和所有格。
名词的主格与宾格的形式相同，即名词的原形，这种形式也被称为通格或普通格。
名词的所有格又称属格，表示所有关系。
1 名词所有格形式的构成
A. 大多数单数名词后加 's 构成其所有格形式。
Mary's telephone number 玛丽的电话号码
the boy's ball 男孩的球
B. 以 s 结尾的复数名词，在 s 后加 ' 。
the teachers' office 老师们的办公室
he students' dorms 学生宿舍
C．不以s结尾的复数名词所有格的构成形式与单数名词的相同。
the children's toys 孩子们的玩具
the women's hats 女人们的帽子
D．复合词和由两个或两个以上名词表示共有关系的词组，在后一个名词后加所有格符号's。
his son-in-law's friend 他女婿的朋友
Mary and Linda's mother 玛丽和琳达的母亲
E．如果两个或两个以上名词表示分别的拥有关系，则在每个名词后分别加 'S。
Mary's and Linda's books 玛丽的书和琳达的书
Tom's and Peter's fathers 汤姆的父亲和彼得的父亲
2 以介词 of 加名词组成 of 属格
the title of the text 课文的题目
the roof of a house 屋顶
3 "－'s"与"of"两种所有格的区别。
A．"－'s"所有格形式多用于表示有生命的名词，或表示与人类活动有关的时间、地点、机构等名词
Tom's books 汤姆的书
today's newspaper 今天的报纸
B．"of"所有格主要表示无生命的东西。
the topic of the conversation 话题
the surface of the earth 地球表面
C．表示类别或属性时，只能用"－'s"所有格形式。
a women's college 女子学院
children's books 儿童读物
（试比较：a college of the women 那些女人的学院）
D．所有格中的名词后面有定语（如现在分词短语或介词短语等），只能用"of"所有格形式。
It is the book of the boy speaking to the teacher． 这是正同老师说话的那个男生的书。
He is a student of Fifth Middle School in Xi'an． 他是西安第五中学的学生。
E．当所有格中的名词是以定冠词加形容词的形式出现时，只能用 of 构成的所有格形式。
the happiness of the old 老年人的幸福
the problems of the young 年轻人的问题
4 在以下情况中，只能用of与 's 构成双重所有格
所有格所修饰的名词前面有一个数量词或一个指示代词that时，要用双重所有格（数量词包括 a，two，some，no，any，few等）。
a friend of Mary's（=a friend of Mary's friends） 玛丽的一个朋友
some books of the teacher's 老师的一些书
that son of Mr.Smith's 史密斯先生的那个儿子
that smile of the boy's 那个孩子的微笑
注：双重所有格修饰的名词不能与定冠词 the 连用。
5 动名词所有格的省略式
A．当名词所有格所修饰的名词在前面已出现过，为避免重复，往往省略。
I need your help, not Mary's. 我需要你的帮助，不是玛丽的（帮助）。
B．当被所有格修饰的名词表示店铺、教堂或某人的家时，这一名词省略。
I'm going to the tailor's to get my dress. 我要去裁缝店拿我的衣服。
We'll visit St. Paul's （cathedral）. 我们将参观圣保罗教堂。
They took part in the birthday party at Tom's. 他们参加了在汤姆家举行的生日聚会。
五、名词的句法功能
1 在句中作主语
This book is very useful. 这本书很有用。
Mary is to meet you at the airport. 玛丽将在机场接你。
2 作表语
My brother is a worker. 我弟弟是个工人。
She is a writer. 她是个作家。
3 作宾语或复合宾语
He finished his task on time. 他按时完成了他的任务。
We made Tom our monitor. 我们选汤姆为我们的班长。
4 作定语
He got three gold medals at 23rd Olympic Games. 他在第二十三届奥运会上取得了三块金牌。
rain drops 雨点 colour film 彩***
注：名词作定语修饰名词，通常表示事物的属性、本质特征、内容、材料、目的等。这些形容词化的名词与形容词作定语在语义上有一定的区别。
golden medal 金色的奖牌（颜色，非材料）
gold medal 金牌（质地材料为金子）
colourful dress 色彩鲜艳的女装（仅指颜色）
colour film 彩***（属性为彩色的）
5 作状语
The meeting lasted two hours. 会议持续了两个小时。
Wait a moment. 等一会儿。
He was late for class this morning. 今天早晨他上课迟到了。
6 作同位语
Mr. Smith, our leader, is speaking now. 史密斯先生，我们的领导，正在讲话。
We students should study hard. 我们学生应该努力学习。
7 作称呼语
Come here, Mary. 玛丽，到这儿来。
Good morning, ladies and gentlemen. 女士们，先生们，早上好。
综合练习
一、用括号内词的适当形式填空：
1．There are two________ over there．（bench）
2．I like taking ________．（photo）
3．l can see a _________and two standing there．（man，woman）
4．There are two baskets of__________ on the floor．（apple）
5．You often make a lot of__________ in spelling．（mistake）
6．Look at those_________．（child）
7．This is a__________． Those are three__________．（knife）
8．He doesn't like these．（glass）
9．How many_________can you see？（radio）
10．Thirty __________live in this building．（family）．
二、选择下列正确答案：
1．A cow has four__________．
A． stomachs B． stomaches
2．Three_________ are eating grass．
A． sheep B． sheeps
3．Water__________ a kind of matter．
A． is B． are
4．Her clothes__________ nearly worn out．
A．is B． are
5．No man___________ present．
A． is B． are
6．It is I who___________ next．
A． am B． is
7．There_________ no water in the glass．
A． are B． is
8．Here__________ a blind man．
A．comes B． is
9．Physics____________ more difficult than maths．
A． is B． are
10．Neither Mary nor her sister___________ the party．
A． is going to B． are going to
答案:
一、1．benches 2．photos 3．man，women 4．apples 5．mistakes 6．children 7．knife，knives 8．glasses 9．radios 10． familes

二、1．A 2．A 3．A 4．A 5．A 6．A 7．B 8．A 9．A 10．A